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植物墙的垂直之旅

时间:2014-04-15    发布者:    浏览次数:1829

 
设计方:始于古巴比伦的空中花园

位置:伊拉克

Going Vertical 

 

这是一个和城市一样古老的概念。植生墙:功能还是潮流?正当越来越多的城市和建筑开始覆盖上植物,让我们一起来关注这个植生墙(绿墙)现象。

An idea almost as old as cities.Green walls: Function or fad?  As cities and their buildings all around the world are being covered in green, we take a look the phenomenon of Green Walls.

 

 

 

古巴比伦的空中花园很可能拥有最早的植生墙案例,虽然空中花园中的屋顶花园占了绝大多数。于此之后,从北欧到日本,众多文明开始在建筑上运用攀缘植物。‘植生(绿色)建筑外墙’由此而生。绿色建筑立面在欧洲的艺术与工艺运动和现代风格运动(Modern style movements)中有着极重要的位置。例如在20世纪初的德国新艺术运动(Jugendstil)中,攀缘植物爬山虎做为房屋和花园之间的转换。英国二十世纪的‘花园城市’运动也有许多植生(绿色)建筑外墙的范例。William Robinson和Gertrude Jekyll设计户外植物石墙做为花园的分界线,在荷兰乌得勒支市的Griftpark依旧保存有一些范例。在二十世纪30年代,由于新建造技术的兴起和人们对墙体稳定性的担忧,攀缘植物在建筑立面的使用逐渐减少。

The first example of green walls may be found in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon,even if they may have been more roof gardens than green walls. Later, from Scandinavia to Japan, numerous civilizations used climbing plants to cover buildings, making what is now called ‘green façades’. Green façades were very important in the Art andCrafts and Modern style movements in Europe. For instance, in the beginning ofthe 20th century, the ‘Jugendstil‘ movement used climbing plants(Parthenocissus tricuspidata) on the buildings to make a changeover between the house and the garden. In England, Garden Cities showed great examples of green façades. William Robinson and Gertrude Jekyll designed outdoor vegetated rock walls used for screening & boundaries in gardens. You can still see such examples in Griftpark (Ultrecht, Netherlands). The use of climbing plants declined in the 30′s, due to new building techniques and people’s concern about possible consequences on wall stability.

 

 

 

植生建筑外墙在北美地区相对少见,但我们现在所知的‘垂直花园’概念却由美国学者Stanley Hart White于1937年提出。他的学术理论现在再次被伊利诺斯大学学生所运用。在Stanley Hart White之后的几十年,植生墙才开始广泛为人所知。法国植物学家Patrick LeBlanc则是为植生墙设计具有现代感图案的第一人。他使用完整的水培系统,运用惰性媒介和成百上千奇异的植物品种。他的第一个植生墙项目位于工业科学博物馆(Museum of Science and Industry)。

Greenfaçades have always been less common inNorth America, but what we nowadays call ‘vertical gardens’ seems to have first been theorizedin the U.S. in 1937 by Stanley Hart White. His theories are now being used onceagain by Illinois University Urbania Champaign students. Greenwalls became famous decades after Stanley Hart White’s first experiments. Patrick LeBlanc,a French botanist, is pictured as the first one to design the ‘modern’ pattern of green walls, with a fullhydroponic system, an inert medium and numerous exotic species (see his firstgreen wall, at the Museum of Science and Industry).

 

植生墙(绿墙)是什么?

植生墙也称为‘生物墙’、‘垂直花园’或者‘垂直植物复合墙’(VCW)。你可以将它想象为一块悬崖:合成介质是悬崖植物攀爬的岩土,而水培系统则循环产生干湿两季。植物品种的选择在植生墙的设计中极为重要:植物必须可以自行直立生长并且具有美观的叶子。第一代植生墙使用热带植物,而现在的植物选择就更为广泛。具有美丽图案的植生墙现在是新兴的城市艺术。

What is a green wall?

Let’s focus on living walls, also called ‘biowalls’, ‘vertical gardens’ or ‘Vertical Vegetated Complex Walls’ (VCW). You can picture it as a cliff: the synthetic medium is the interface to which the cliff growing plant species can hang onto. The hydroponic system is often used to create a succession of dry periods and humid ones.

One of the more important moments in the design process of a green wall is the choosing of species: you must choose plants which will grow straight and will have beautiful lower foliage, as they will be seen from underneath. The first living walls used tropical plants but the choice is now much larger.  As more recent green walls are often showing beautiful patterns, it is becoming a new urban art.

  

 
 

为什么使用植生墙(绿墙)?

对城市和居民而言,植生墙的影响是多方面的:它可以保护建筑体免受直接风吹日晒并为城市带来更多的花园空间和蔬果种植空间。在阳光直射下,裸露的墙体通过热传导使建筑内温度升高,并加重城市热岛效应。植生墙上植物的叶子通过蒸散作用产生水分,可以降低周围空气中和建筑体的温度。大面积的植生墙还可以在城市中产生微气候。东京工业大学的研究已证实植生墙可降低建筑的能源损耗。同时防止由城市风产生的城市灰尘和吸收空气中的重金属颗粒。

Why green walls?

Theyhave multiple impacts on cities and citizens: they protect buildings from theeffects of the natural elements, they are introducing more gardens in urbanareas and they can even be used to grow vegetables!

Undersun exposure, a bare wall will contribute to heat conduction inside thebuilding, making the internal building temperature rise, and contributing tothe urban ‘heat island’ effect.  But green walls, where the leaves of plantslose water through evapotranspiration, lower the surrounding air and buildingtemperatures. Green walls also depress locally the cities temperature: theycreate a microclimate.TheTokyo Institute of Technology proved that green walls lower the energetic loss of buildings. They also prevent the creation of urban dust (partly due to the effect of wind over buildings) and absorb heavy metal particulates from the atmosphere.

 

 

 

植生墙在景观设计中还比较新鲜,但是技术发展与改良速度极快。现在植生墙正在占领越来越多宝贵的城市空间。每个国家都在发展适合自己的植生墙方案。在墨西哥城,他们覆盖桥梁和道路难看的混凝土结构。在严冬漫长的加拿大,植生墙则被置于室内,以帮助缓解应季性情绪紊乱症。

However, the first consequence of making living walls is the creation of new greenspaces in cities, where available spaces are scarce. Green walls are still newcomers in landscape architecture, and innovation is fast in this sector.They are invading new places every day. On bridges and roads, they can cover ugly or decaying concretestructures, such as in Mexico City. Every country invents new solutions to answer its own particular problems. In Canada,where winters are very long, many green walls are placed inside buildings to help offset SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) syndrome.

 

  

虽然他们也存在一些短处,例如栽培媒介是不可降解的合成材质和需要大量用水。但植生墙将让我们的城市变得更绿,让花园更舒心。

We need gardens to be happier, even scientists have proven as much (biophilia hypothesis) Let’s build some green walls to achieve this goal!  One must not forget that, aswith every green space, green walls have advantages and drawbacks(non-biodegradable medium and often huge water needs) and must be thought onlyas a part of the solution to make our concrete jungle greener cities.

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